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HTML Tutorial
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HTML
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HTML
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HTML Assignments
Course Prerequisite(s)
- Please note that this course has the following prerequisites which must be completed before it can be accessed
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Complete Character Drawing Course
About Course
HTML
HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language. It is a standard markup language used to create web pages and web applications. HTML describes the structure of a web page using elements represented by tags and attributes. HTML allows the creation of links to other pages called hyperlinks.
What is HTML?
- HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
- HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages
- HTML describes the structure of a Web page
- HTML consists of a series of elements
- HTML elements tell the browser how to display the content
- HTML elements label pieces of content such as “this is a heading”, “this is a paragraph”, “this is a link”, etc.
HTML History
Since the early days of the World Wide Web, there have been many versions of HTML:
Year Version 1989 Tim Berners-Lee invented www 1991 Tim Berners-Lee invented HTML 1993 Dave Raggett drafted HTML+ 1995 HTML Working Group defined HTML 2.0 1997 W3C Recommendation: HTML 3.2 1999 W3C Recommendation: HTML 4.01 2000 W3C Recommendation: XHTML 1.0 2008 WHATWG HTML5 First Public Draft 2012 WHATWG HTML5 Living Standard 2014 W3C Recommendation: HTML5 2016 W3C Candidate Recommendation: HTML 5.1 2017 W3C Recommendation: HTML5.1 2nd Edition 2017 W3C Recommendation: HTML5.2 A Simple HTML Document
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body><h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p></body>
</html> - The
<!DOCTYPE html>declaration defines that this document is an HTML5 document - The
<html>element is the root element of an HTML page - The
<head>element contains meta information about the HTML page - The
<title>element specifies a title for the HTML page (which is shown in the browser’s title bar or in the page’s tab) - The
<body>element defines the document’s body, and is a container for all the visible contents, such as headings, paragraphs, images, hyperlinks, tables, lists, etc. - The
<h1>element defines a large heading - The
<p>element defines a paragraph
What is an HTML Element?
An HTML element is defined by a start tag, some content, and an end tag:
<tagname> Content goes here… </tagname>The HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:
<h1>My First Heading</h1><p>My first paragraph.</p>
HTML Editors
Learn HTML Using Notepad or TextEdit
Web pages can be created and modified by using professional HTML editors.
However, for learning HTML we recommend a simple text editor like Notepad (PC) or TextEdit (Mac).
We believe that using a simple text editor is a good way to learn HTML.
Follow the steps below to create your first web page with Notepad or TextEdit.
HTML Basic
HTML Documents
All HTML documents must start with a document type declaration:
<!DOCTYPE html>.The HTML document itself begins with
<html>and ends with</html>.The visible part of the HTML document is between
<body>and</body>.The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration
The
<!DOCTYPE>declaration represents the document type, and helps browsers to display web pages correctly.It must only appear once, at the top of the page (before any HTML tags).
The
<!DOCTYPE>declaration is not case sensitive.The
<!DOCTYPE>declaration for HTML5 is:HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the
<h1>to<h6>tags.<h1>defines the most important heading.<h6>defines the least important heading:Example
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<h3>This is heading 3</h3>HTML Paragraphs
HTML paragraphs are defined with the
<p>tag:Example
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>HTML Links
HTML links are defined with the
<a>tag:Example
<a href=”https://www.w3schools.com”>This is a link</a>HTML Images
HTML images are defined with the
<img>tag.The source file (
src), alternative text (alt),width, andheightare provided as attributes:Example
<img src=”w3schools.jpg” alt=”W3Schools.com” width=”104″ height=”142″>HTML Elements
The HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:
<tagname>Content goes here…</tagname>Examples of some HTML elements:
<h1>My First Heading</h1><p>My first paragraph.</p>Start tag Element content End tag <h1> My First Heading </h1> <p> My first paragraph. </p> <br> none none Note: Some HTML elements have no content (like the <br> element). These elements are called empty elements. Empty elements do not have an end tag!
Nested HTML Elements
HTML elements can be nested (this means that elements can contain other elements).
All HTML documents consist of nested HTML elements.
The following example contains four HTML elements (
<html>,<body>,<h1>and<p>):Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body><h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p></body>
</html>Example Explained
The
<html>element is the root element and it defines the whole HTML document.It has a start tag
<html>and an end tag</html>.Then, inside the
<html>element there is a<body>element:<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p></body>
The
<body>element defines the document’s body.It has a start tag
<body>and an end tag</body>.Then, inside the
<body>element there are two other elements:<h1>and<p>:<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>The
<h1>element defines a heading.It has a start tag
<h1>and an end tag</h1>:<h1>My First Heading</h1>The
<p>element defines a paragraph.It has a start tag
<p>and an end tag</p>:<p>My first paragraph.</p>Never Skip the End Tag
Some HTML elements will display correctly, even if you forget the end tag:
Example
<html>
<body><p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is a paragraph</body>
</html>Empty HTML Elements
HTML elements with no content are called empty elements.
The
<br>tag defines a line break, and is an empty element without a closing tag:Example
<p>This is a <br> paragraph with a line break.</p>HTML Attributes
HTML attributes provide additional information about HTML elements.
HTML Attributes
- All HTML elements can have attributes
- Attributes provide additional information about elements
- Attributes are always specified in the start tag
- Attributes usually come in name/value pairs like: name=”value”
The href Attribute
The
<a>tag defines a hyperlink. Thehrefattribute specifies the URL of the page the link goes to:Example
<a href=”https://www.w3schools.com”>Visit W3Schools</a>The src Attribute
The
<img>tag is used to embed an image in an HTML page. Thesrcattribute specifies the path to the image to be displayed:Example
<img src=”img_girl.jpg”>There are two ways to specify the URL in the
srcattribute:1. Absolute URL – Links to an external image that is hosted on another website. Example: src=”https://www.w3schools.com/images/img_girl.jpg”.
Notes: External images might be under copyright. If you do not get permission to use it, you may be in violation of copyright laws. In addition, you cannot control external images; it can suddenly be removed or changed.
2. Relative URL – Links to an image that is hosted within the website. Here, the URL does not include the domain name. If the URL begins without a slash, it will be relative to the current page. Example: src=”img_girl.jpg”. If the URL begins with a slash, it will be relative to the domain. Example: src=”/images/img_girl.jpg”.
Tip: It is almost always best to use relative URLs. They will not break if you change domain.
The width and height Attributes
The
<img>tag should also contain thewidthandheightattributes, which specify the width and height of the image (in pixels):Example
<img src=”img_girl.jpg” width=”500″ height=”600″>The alt Attribute
The required
altattribute for the<img>tag specifies an alternate text for an image, if the image for some reason cannot be displayed. This can be due to a slow connection, or an error in thesrcattribute, or if the user uses a screen reader.Example
<img src=”img_girl.jpg” alt=”Girl with a jacket”>Example
See what happens if we try to display an image that does not exist:
<img src=”img_typo.jpg” alt=”Girl with a jacket”>
HTML Headings
HTML headings are titles or subtitles that you want to display on a webpage.
Example
Heading 1
Heading 2
Heading 3
Heading 4
Heading 5
Heading 6
HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the
<h1>to<h6>tags.<h1>defines the most important heading.<h6>defines the least important heading.Example
<h1>Heading 1</h1>
<h2>Heading 2</h2>
<h3>Heading 3</h3>
<h4>Heading 4</h4>
<h5>Heading 5</h5>
<h6>Heading 6</h6>HTML Paragraphs
The HTML
<p>element defines a paragraph.A paragraph always starts on a new line, and browsers automatically add some white space (a margin) before and after a paragraph.
Example
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>HTML Display
You cannot be sure how HTML will be displayed.
Large or small screens, and resized windows will create different results.
With HTML, you cannot change the display by adding extra spaces or extra lines in your HTML code.
The browser will automatically remove any extra spaces and lines when the page is displayed:
Example
<p>
This paragraph
contains a lot of lines
in the source code,
but the browser
ignores it.
</p><p>
This paragraph
contains a lot of spaces
in the source code,
but the browser
ignores it.
</p>HTML Horizontal Rules
The
<hr>tag defines a thematic break in an HTML page, and is most often displayed as a horizontal rule.The
<hr>element is used to separate content (or define a change) in an HTML page:Example
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<p>This is some text.</p>
<hr>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<p>This is some other text.</p>
<hr>HTML Line Breaks
The HTML
<br>element defines a line break.Use
<br>if you want a line break (a new line) without starting a new paragraph:Example
<p>This is<br>a paragraph<br>with line breaks.</p>The Poem Problem
This poem will display on a single line:
Example
<p>
My Bonnie lies over the ocean.My Bonnie lies over the sea.My Bonnie lies over the ocean.Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.
</p>Solution – The HTML <pre> Element
The HTML
<pre>element defines preformatted text.The text inside a
<pre>element is displayed in a fixed-width font (usually Courier), and it preserves both spaces and line breaks:Example
<pre>
My Bonnie lies over the ocean.My Bonnie lies over the sea.My Bonnie lies over the ocean.Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.
</pre>HTML Styles
The HTML
styleattribute is used to add styles to an element, such as color, font, size, and more.Example
I am Red
I am Blue
I am Big
The HTML Style Attribute
Setting the style of an HTML element, can be done with the
styleattribute.The HTML
styleattribute has the following syntax:<tagname style=”property:value;“>The property is a CSS property. The value is a CSS value.
Background Color
The CSS
background-colorproperty defines the background color for an HTML element.Example
Set the background color for a page to powderblue:
<body style=”background-color:powderblue;”>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p></body>
Example
Set background color for two different elements:
<body>
<h1 style=”background-color:powderblue;”>This is a heading</h1>
<p style=”background-color:tomato;”>This is a paragraph.</p></body>
Text Color
The CSS
colorproperty defines the text color for an HTML element:Example
<h1 style=”color:blue;”>This is a heading</h1>
<p style=”color:red;”>This is a paragraph.</p>Fonts
The CSS
font-familyproperty defines the font to be used for an HTML element:Example
<h1 style=”font-family:verdana;”>This is a heading</h1>
<p style=”font-family:courier;”>This is a paragraph.</p>Text Size
The CSS
font-sizeproperty defines the text size for an HTML element:Example
<h1 style=”font-size:300%;”>This is a heading</h1>
<p style=”font-size:160%;”>This is a paragraph.</p>Text Alignment
The CSS
text-alignproperty defines the horizontal text alignment for an HTML element:Example
<h1 style=”text-align:center;”>Centered Heading</h1>
<p style=”text-align:center;”>Centered paragraph.</p>Chapter Summary
- Use the
styleattribute for styling HTML elements - Use
background-colorfor background color - Use
colorfor text colors - Use
font-familyfor text fonts - Use
font-sizefor text sizes - Use
text-alignfor text alignment
HTML Text Formatting
HTML contains several elements for defining text with a special meaning.
Example
This text is bold
This text is italic
This is subscript and superscript
HTML Formatting Elements
Formatting elements were designed to display special types of text:
<b>– Bold text<strong>– Important text<i>– Italic text<em>– Emphasized text<mark>– Marked text<small>– Smaller text<del>– Deleted text<ins>– Inserted text<sub>– Subscript text<sup>– Superscript text
HTML <b> and <strong> Elements
The HTML
<b>element defines bold text, without any extra importance.Example
<b>This text is bold</b>The HTML
<strong>element defines text with strong importance. The content inside is typically displayed in bold.Example
<strong>This text is important!</strong>HTML <i> and <em> Elements
The HTML
<i>element defines a part of text in an alternate voice or mood. The content inside is typically displayed in italic.Tip: The
<i>tag is often used to indicate a technical term, a phrase from another language, a thought, a ship name, etc.Example
<i>This text is italic</i>The HTML
<em>element defines emphasized text. The content inside is typically displayed in italic.Tip: A screen reader will pronounce the words in
<em>with an emphasis, using verbal stress.Example
<em>This text is emphasized</em>HTML <small> Element
The HTML
<small>element defines smaller text:Example
<small>This is some smaller text.</small>HTML <mark> Element
The HTML
<mark>element defines text that should be marked or highlighted:Example
<p>Do not forget to buy <mark>milk</mark> today.</p>HTML <del> Element
The HTML
<del>element defines text that has been deleted from a document. Browsers will usually strike a line through deleted text:Example
<p>My favorite color is <del>blue</del> red.</p>HTML <ins> Element
The HTML
<ins>element defines a text that has been inserted into a document. Browsers will usually underline inserted text:Example
<p>My favorite color is <del>blue</del> <ins>red</ins>.</p>HTML <sub> Element
The HTML
<sub>element defines subscript text. Subscript text appears half a character below the normal line, and is sometimes rendered in a smaller font. Subscript text can be used for chemical formulas, like H2O:Example
<p>This is <sub>subscripted</sub> text.</p>HTML <sup> Element
The HTML
<sup>element defines superscript text. Superscript text appears half a character above the normal line, and is sometimes rendered in a smaller font. Superscript text can be used for footnotes, like WWW[1]:Example
<p>This is <sup>superscripted</sup> text.</p>HTML Text Formatting Elements
Tag Description <b> Defines bold text <em> Defines emphasized text <i> Defines a part of text in an alternate voice or mood <small> Defines smaller text <strong> Defines important text <sub> Defines subscripted text <sup> Defines superscripted text <ins> Defines inserted text <del> Defines deleted text <mark> Defines marked/highlighted text
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